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Introduction

title short. But just because the title of the topic related the availability of H2O is extensive. Especially when we talk about clean water. Not yet been invented concentrate this substance, so this is still a challenge logistically. Water can carry in the dishes or pour it in yourself when it's such an opportunity. I prefer the first way. I used to store water PET bottles, canteens military and Nalgene bottles. The latter has two great advantages: a wide inlet, and is made of leksanu so you can pour boiling water into it without worrying about changing the shape of the bottle. This bottle, however, and disadvantage: it is four times heavier (150g) than the average PET bottles (39g). Recently I bought two bottles of Platypus. By the time they are used in the field I will not elaborate on them. Apparently they are equally resistant to a temperature of at Nalgene. We'll see.

Chemicals

To have water to drink uzdatnić. In the wild we are dealing with mechanical and biological contamination. The former is not a major problem and can be removed simply weaning container with water from the sediment settle. You can also use a simple filter with a thick metal mesh affixed to cork from the bottle to take water free of pollution thicker mechanical. Gives rise to a bigger problem for us to get rid of the water biological contaminants: bacteria, cysts, protozoa and viruses. If you use the torch to a tree or just an outbreak, we can uzdatnić boiling water through it. Different sources give different figures but one minute cooking certainly enough to knock out all living organisms in the water. If you do not have a renewable resource, fuel, chemical methods of water treatment could be better. We can choose from pills, chlorine dioxide releasing substances and additives (such as silver ions) such as the Katadyn MicroPure Forte MF 1T , Aquamira Water Purifier Tablets. All are manufactured in one factory, so in no way different than a name. By uzdatnić water use 1 tablet per 1 liter of water. In the case of clear water at room temperature after 30 minutes we do not have the live bacteria and viruses. After 2-4 hours the water is purified with the protozoa and cysts. In the case of water very cold and cloudy days can be extended twice. So these are measures that need adequate time to completely clean the water. You can use them eg evening to morning have a composition of pure water. If the water is transparent, we can reduce the dose by half - after 8 hours, up to half the dose to effectively purify the water. Same pills are very lightweight and easy to use. The disadvantage is a long time, water purification and the impossibility of immediate use - hence the need to carry them. This increases significantly the weight of the backpack. Of course, having available an insufficient number of water sources in the time to clean it is not important - the water, and so we have to move. Another disadvantage is the taste of water tablets after their use. The water tastes like it has come from the municipal swimming pool. The intense smell of chlorine can be removed by boiling, but this requires, in turn, consumption of fuel reserve. Price Katadyn MicroPure Forte tablets is about 80 zł per 100 tablets (4 leaves after 25 tablets, 1 tablet per liter).

Aquamira produces a liquid chemical agent used for treatment of water called Water Treatment Drops . Dostajemu two bottles of 40 ml. The measure requires mixing two components (after 7 drops of each per liter of water) before use. After mixing provided by the manufacturer pojemniczku wait 5 minutes and pour its contents into the tank with water. The manufacturer says that after 15 minutes of free water the bacteria. Does not, however, that water is not free of protozoa, and to knock them three times the dose should be increased and allow as much time as in the case of tablets. The measure is known and used by many people. Proved to be effective. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has not adopted this measure as a certificate that did not meet their standards. Such certificates have the pills. I think that when we deal with water in the environment, and nearby you do not see signs of pollution sources (herds of grazing by the stream of sheep, cows and yaks), we can successfully uzdatnić water tablets and wait 30 minutes after which water to drink. The risk is slight, but we have no certainty at all. The defects Aquamira Water Treatment Drops replace the need for mixing the two components, the need for repackaging into smaller containers of liquids (originally 2 containers are 40 ml). The biggest advantage is that less water stinks of chlorine. This is due to 3 times lower dose of the active substance in the fluid than in the tablets. If we want the fluid Aquamira was as effective as tablets, three belonged to increase the dose. Then the water would have the same scent. Price 76 zł per set , Which is enough for about 120 liters of water.

Filters

's go to the filters. Currently available filters can do: clean water from biological impurities (bacteria, protozoa and cysts), mechanical (sludge and slurry) and chemical (heavy metals, fertilizers, toxins, chemicals uzdatniające water). Most currently available filters are not able to remove us from the water all the viruses, but there are exceptions.

The most important element is the filter cartridge filter. These are mostly contributions from polypropylene, ceramic, carbon, carbon-ceramic, ceramic with silver ions.

In the category of light filter out dominated gravity-flow filters, straws and bottles. Of the older machines have filters in the form of push-ups where the water flow is forced by man power.

Filters Emergency

straws contain mostly simple polypropylene filter, and sometimes iodine or activated charcoal. In my view, these structures are suitable for use only in emergencies. Example: A Web-Tex Survive-Pure Straw

Bottle Filters

bottles with filters filter out bacteria, protozoa and some viruses. Also improve the taste of water because they contain a carbon filter. However, they do a very limited capacity (620-830 ml), they can filter only 100 liters of water and are quite heavy (170-200 grams). Examples of such products are: Katadyn Bottle 0.75 and 1L and Webtex Survive-Pure Bottle (its civilian counterpart is Explorer's Bottle Drink-Safe-Systems).

Gravity Flow Filters (line)

In this category we have a real flowering of the proposal. In principle, all the filters are based on contributions from polypropylene. The differences consist of different density filters, additives in the style carbon filters, weight, handicaps and facilities resulting from the applied design.

At first let's take the heaviest fire of the filter Autoflow IAS. This filter is equipped with a 4 liter tank for dirty water, hoses, filter element and a universal bottle cap (fits PET bottles, Naglene, Platypus, etc.). Filter element is a polypropylene filter with a density 0.2 microns, weighing 150 grams (the entire set weighs 392 grams). Filter bandwidth is 1.75 liters / minute to 1500 liters life. It does not filter viruses and toxins. The water after filtration is as tainted as before. The filter does not improve the taste of water. Has the ability to clean in the field (by passing pure water under pressure in the opposite direction than usual during filtration). Rates in Poland - 419 PLN, the U.S. $ 80.

Another proposal is Aquamira Frontier Pro . This filter is designed to shoot the tip of the thread PET bottles and drink it like sucking through a straw wpdę. Then someone came up with the idea of \u200b\u200busing it as a filter element in a set of gravity. Therefore the filter has very low bandwidth - 100-150 ml per minute. Weight of the filter is 65 grams. The filter probably has a contribution of 0.2 micron polypropylene, like most of the structure. Does not improve the flavor or alter the color of the water. Given the above-mentioned bandwidth problems odpuściłbym wearing this design. Rates in the U.S. from 1916 to 1920 USD.

following description of the two structures that coincided with my most to taste and try to test it soon. They are filter-Pure Flow Survive a British company and a filter Webtex Sawyer an American company. I like a number of reasons: her light, are very efficient, have a very thick polypropylene filter and carbon cartridges (the first).

flow filter Survive-Pure Webtex company belongs to the family three filters (flow-through filter in the bottle and a filter in a straw). One already described above. The flow in the middle of a polypropylene 0.2 micron filter and carbon filter. Thanks to both the filtered bacteria cysts and protozoa as well as heavy metals, toxins and poisons in the water. It also improves the taste of filtered water. Weight is 71 grams of the filter with connectors, weighs 102 grams total (with the mouthpiece for cleaning the filter). Filter life is set at 1,600 liters. Bandwidth is more than 300 ml per minute. The filter can be washed in the water under pressure flowing in the opposite direction than the filtering is done. Prices in Poland, 155 PLN.

It is interesting to give the same solution has a different name and changed the shape of the filter housing has Drink-Safe Systems. Name of This product Aquaguard Hydration Eliminator Inline Filter and Purifier . Purpose of the product is distributed by Webtex military and businesses Drink-Safe Systems civilians.

At the end of the filter with the U.S. company's Sawyer - Sawyer Water Filter SP140. Weighing only 60 grams, the contribution of a polypropylene mesh with a diameter of 0.1 micron, 1.8-liter capacity per minute, the life of 10,000 liters. Removes bacteria, cysts and protozoa. It's fast, lightweight and cheap (the price of U.S. $ 35).

But that's not the end. The company manufactures a different filter Sawyer - more expensive but having the contribution of polypropylene mesh with a diameter of 0.02 micron. This allows you to remove viruses from water. The filter is called the Sawyer Water Purifier SP135. Weight is the same as his older brother. However, they have a flaw - it requires priming. You have to pass through the stream of water under high pressure and wear it wet to use outdoors. This increases the weight and inconvenience of storage. Price U.S. $ 69.

filters with forced water circulation

so much the topic of gravity filters. The choice remains a number of filters for forced circulation of water. With lightweight construction we Hyperflow 's IAS. The filter looks like a bicycle pump. In the middle we have the contribution of polypropylene 0.2 micron sieve. Weight high as much as 220 grams. High throughput - 3 liters / minute. Lifetime manufacturer identified in 1000 liters. It does not filter viruses and toxins. Has the ability to clean the ground. Until recently gathered a lot of unflattering comment on the clogging of the inlet users to despair. The manufacturer says on its website that it has changed something in the design of the filter and the problem in the new copies does not occur. How is really only learn what you pay for it (in Poland, 560 PLN, the U.S. $ 100).

perfect proposal - Although it is heavier MSR Sweetwater filter . Based on a ceramic element (0.2 micron sieve) with charcoal allows you to clean the water from bacteria, cysts, protozoa, sewage, chemical pollution. It also improves the taste of water. The manufacturer described his life at 750 liters, but you can buy replacement cartridges for its ceramics. The filter can be easily cleaned in the field using a small brush to be added in the set. Same filter (pump) without accessories weighs 320 grams, for that you need to supply it, at least in the hoses and the prefilter. Weight of the whole set of more than 400 grams so is "a bit" przyciężki. But it is worth rethinking. Price 70USD in the USA, Poland, 315 PLN.

so much I had to say today about the filters. I'll just add that you should reckon with the fact that the filter elements wet weigh more than the manufacturer's specification. Besides filters have a significant flaw: if you freeze wet - elements of both ceramic and polyethylene will probably be destroyed. Keep this in mind when going into the field with them and sometimes bring a sleeping bag packed for the earlier in a bag (By the way a lot of stuff in the sleeping bag you have to have that we do not pozamarzały: P). Last inconvenience associated with the filters are the necessity of drying and proper storage. If it does not take care of our beautiful countryside zarosną.

UV

last device, which I just wanted to mention is that the SteriPEN UV. It is equipped with a lamp produces intense ultraviolet light. It is able to kill any bacteria, cysts, viruses and protozoa in 90 seconds in 1 liter of clear water. Needs 180 seconds to settle them in the murky water. The first problem is such that no water is purified from sediment and suspended solids. This water and it did not need a drink. We will have to leave it, or filter. The second problem lies in the same device. Sam is not played it, but reading tests got the impression that the SteriPEN is quite moody. Able to use a set of lithium batteries much faster than is apparent from the manufacturer's data, it can also simply do not work as expected. SteriPEN Traveller Weight is 67 grams (105 batteries). Prices in Poland ok.580 zł.

Choice

If I had to choose the most effective, The lightest and cheapest solution would choose a light filter by gravity (or Survive Sawyer SP140-Pure) and tablets uzdatniające water. Such a kit would allow the purification of water from all impurities of biological, mechanical and chemical in about 30 minutes. The use of filter-Pure Survive further cleanse the water from the smell of chlorine and improve taste. The price of such a solution also seems quite reasonable. This would be good not only in the wilderness, where chemical contaminants are virtually no uzdatnić but allow water from sources closer to civilization. I will try in the near future both filters to test and publish the results of my tests.